苹果砧木对嫁接品种影响的研究进展

为正确选择和利用苹果砧木,促进苹果经济栽培获得成功,从砧木和接穗的亲和力研究、砧木对接穗生理效应的影响、砧木对树体生长结果的影响3个方面综述了苹果砧木对嫁接品种影响的研究现状。砧木和接穗嫁接亲和性的研究多集中在嫁接后接口愈合情况、愈合时间以及嫁接体成活生长情况等方面,目前从形态学和解剖学方面研究的更为深入,在基因、转录和蛋白组学水平上也有涉猎,但还不够深入。砧木通过影响嫁接品种超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、生长素氧化酶等酶的活性,从而影响其一系列生理活动,影响内源激素的代谢水平,矿质元素的吸收和运输,以及嫁接品种光合能力等,进而影响嫁接品种的生长发育。目前对这种影响机制还不十分明确,今后应加强此方面的研究,尤其是不同砧木对嫁接品种生理生化物质的产生、状态、运转及降解规律影响等方面的研究,同时还应加强砧穗互作效应的研究,以帮助选择不同生态区的适宜砧穗组合,促进苹果产业健康发展。     

基于叶片质外体相关成分和酶活性响应的龙葵耐Cd机理研究

为探讨龙葵(Solanum nigrum L.)耐镉(Cd)机理,采用基质培养法,研究了50 μmol·L^-1 Cd(CdCl₂·2.5H₂O)处理120 d对其生长和叶片细胞壁果胶、木质素含量、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、纤维素酶(Cx)、NADH-过氧化物酶(NADH-POD)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶(GPOD)和松柏醇过氧化物酶(CAPX)活性以及质外体汁液中过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量和GPOD、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,Cd处理显著抑制了龙葵地上和地下部的伸长生长、降低了根的干物质积累(P<0.05),但茎的分枝增多,叶面积、叶绿素含量、净光合速率和胞间CO₂浓度无显著变化(P>0.05);细胞壁结合酶NADH-POD、GPOD和CAPX活性以及果胶含量显著增高(P<0.05),而PG活性显著下降(P<0.05),Cx活性和木质素含量无显著变化(P>0.05);质外体汁液中H₂O₂含量显著增加(P<0.05),GPOD和SOD同工酶谱及活性无显著变化(P>0.05);CAT同工酶谱带增宽,APX同工酶谱带数增加,二者活性均显著升高(P<0.05)。说明50 μmol·L^-1 Cd较长时间处理龙葵植株,其地上部分生长仍处于良好状态,表现出对Cd毒害的耐性,这与Cd处理后叶片细胞壁果胶含量和结合酶GPOD以及质外体汁液中APX、CAT活性升高有关,推测这是龙葵耐Cd的一种机理。     

不同栽培模式西番莲的光响应特性

以黄果西番莲Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener和紫果西番莲P. edulis Sims为实验材料,采用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪测定露地及设施栽培模式两种西番莲的光合参数,非直角双曲线模型进行拟合,分析不同栽培模式对两种西番莲叶绿素及光合参数的影响。结果表明,与露地栽培相比,设施栽培模式黄果西番莲的叶绿素含量、表观量子效率（AQY）、光补偿点（Ic）和暗呼吸速率（Rd）无显著变化,最大净光合速率（Pnmax）和光饱和点（Isat）显著降低。紫果西番莲叶绿素含量显著增加,AQY、Pnmax和Isat无显著变化,Ic与Rd降幅较大。两种西番莲叶绿素a/b（Chl a/b）值均显著降低。说明黄果西番莲和紫果西番莲分别在露地栽培模式和设施栽培模式的光合效率更高,能积累更多的光合产物。     

Treatment of tropical forages with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes: effects on chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation

The effects of three treatments of fibrolytic enzymes (cellulase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (CEL), xylanase from rumen micro‐organisms (XYL) and a 1:1 mixture of CEL and XYL (MIX) on the in vitro fermentation of two samples of Pennisetum clandestinum (P1 and P2), two samples of Dichanthium aristatum (D1 and D2) and one sample of each Acacia decurrens and Acacia mangium (A1 and A2) were investigated. The first experiment compared the effects of two methods of applying the enzymes to forages, either at the time of incubation or 24 h before, on the in vitro gas production. In general, the 24 h pre‐treatment resulted in higher values of gas production rate, and this application method was chosen for a second study investigating the effects of enzymes on chemical composition and in vitro fermentation of forages. The pre‐treatment with CEL for 24 h reduced (p < 0.05) the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of P1, P2, D1 and D2, and that of MIX reduced the NDF content of P1 and D1, but XYL had no effect on any forage. The CEL treatment increased (p < 0.05) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production for all forages (ranging from 8.6% to 22.7%), but in general, no effects of MIX and XYL were observed. For both P. clandestinum samples, CEL treatment reduced (p < 0.05) the molar proportion of acetate and increased (p < 0.05) that of butyrate, but only subtle changes in VFA profile were observed for the rest of forages. Under the conditions of the present experiment, the treatment of tropical forages with CEL stimulated their in vitro ruminal fermentation, but XYL did not produce any positive effect. These results showed clearly that effectiveness of enzymes varied with the incubated forage and further study is warranted to investigate specific, optimal enzyme‐substrate combinations.     

耕作方式对豫西旱地麦-豆轮作田土壤理化特性和酶活性的影响

为探明耕作方式对豫西旱地麦-豆轮作田不同土层土壤理化特性和土壤酶活性的影响,设置免耕(NT)、旋耕(RT)和翻耕(PT)3种耕作方式,分析了定位试验9 a(2009—2019年)后小麦收获期的土壤容重、孔隙度和有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,以及土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、转化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,并运用相关分析和通径分析研究了土壤理化性质与土壤酶活性的关系。结果表明：不同耕作方式对土壤理化特性和酶活性具有显著的调控作用,其调控效应与其作业深度相关。RT较PT有利于降低0～15 cm土层但增加15～35 cm土层容重,NT较RT和PT显著降低了0～5、15～35、35～60 cm土层的土壤容重,土壤孔隙度变化规律与容重相反。各处理间土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷含量以及土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、转化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性在0～5 cm土层和15～35 cm土层规律一致,0～5 cm土层均以NT最优,分别较最低值处理(PT)显著提高16.7%、53.2%、15.9%、23.6%、18.0%、34.7%和29.0%;15～35 cm土层均以PT最优,分别较最低值处理(NT)显著提高18.3%、23.4%、53.4%、...     

Effect of Mediterranean saltbush (Atriplex halimus) ensilaging with two developed enzyme cocktails on feed intake,nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in sheep

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of feeding Atriplex halimus (AH) silage treated with two developed enzyme cocktails to sheep on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation. The AH silage was treated without or with 2 L of ZAD1^® or ZAD2^®/1000 kg with 5% molasses and ensiled for 30 days. Barley grain (300 g/head/day) was fed as an energy supplement once daily at 10.00 hours and AH silage with or without enzyme treatment was offered ad libitum to animals twice daily at 09.00 and 16.00 hours. Sheep were fed on four experimental forage diets comprised of AH silage and barley (D1), AH silage treated with ZAD1^® and barley (D2), AH silage treated with ZAD2^® and barley (D3) and AH silage treated with a combination of ZAD1^® and ZAD2^® (1:1) and barley (D4). Ensiling AH with enzymes reduced its contents of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. The dry matter intake of AH of D2, D3 and D4 decreased (P < 0.001) as compared to D1. However, enzyme‐treated diets had greater total digestible nutrients intake (P < 0.001) as compared to D1. The nutrients digestibility for D2, D3 and D4 were higher than those for D1 (P < 0.001), and were higher for D3 as compared to both D2 and D4. Sheep fed on D3 had highest (P < 0.001) ruminal total volatile fatty acids concentration, ammonia nitrogen concentration and microbial protein yield. It could be concluded that AH silage treated with ZAD1^® or ZAD2^® improved digestibility and rumen fermentation in sheep.     

地衣芽孢杆菌对发酵床饲养仔猪生长性能、消化酶活性及肠道主要菌群数量的影响

本试验旨在研究发酵床饲养模式下日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌对仔猪生长性能、胰腺和小肠黏膜消化酶活性及肠道主要菌群数量的影响。选用108头体重13kg左右的35日龄健康苏钟猪,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复12头,分别饲喂基础日粮(对照组)、基础日粮+40mg/kg杆菌肽锌+20mg/kg硫酸黏杆菌素(抗生素组)、基础日粮+300mg/kg地衣芽孢杆菌(益生菌组)的试验日粮。预试期7d,正试期52d。结果表明:1与对照组相比,日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌能够在一定程度上提高仔猪平均日增重、平均日采食量,降低料重比,但各组间差异均不显著(P0.05)。2与对照组相比,日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌能够极显著提高仔猪胰腺中淀粉酶活性、十二指肠黏膜中麦芽糖酶活性和空肠黏膜中乳糖酶活性(P0.01),十二指肠黏膜和空肠黏膜中蔗糖酶活性显著提高(P0.05)。3与对照组相比,日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌能够显著提高仔猪盲肠芽孢杆菌数量(P0.05);乳酸杆菌数量较对照组提高4.09%,大肠杆菌数量较对照组降低4.86%,但均未达到显著水平(P0.05)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,日粮中添加300mg/kg地衣芽孢杆菌能够提高发酵床饲养仔猪胰腺、小肠黏膜消化酶活性及盲肠芽孢杆菌数量,同时仔猪生长性能也在一定程度上有所改善。